Setting out grades ranging curves tacheometric survey 4. This notes explain how to setup and use this equipment. Theodolite traversing is a method of establishing control points, their position being determined by measuring the distances between the traverse stations which serve as control points and the angles subtended at the various stations by their adjacent stations. Theodolite traversing, purpose and principles of theodolite traversing 1. A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. A series of lines observed with distances and bearings for each line. Start studying quiz theodolite and tacheometry surveying. The accuracy with which these angles can be measured ranges from 5mins to 0,1 secs. The relative positions of points are located by means of measuring distances, directions and angles accurately with the help of various surveying instruments. Theodolite is a measurement instrument utilized in surveying to determine horizontal and vertical angles with the tiny low telescope that may move within the horizontal and vertical planes. Traverse surveying traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16thcentury english mathematician leonard digges.
Traverse surveying definition, types, methods, checks. Types of surveying on the basis of whether the curvature of the earth is taken into account or not,surveying can be divided into two main categories. The type of survey which involves a number of connected survey lines and form a frame work is called traverse surveying in traverse surveying the length and direction of any survey line can be measured with any direction measuring instrument such as compass,theodolite and for measuring length chain or tape can be used. In both cases geometrical relationships can be used to establish the necessary data. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. Surveying traverse surveying traverse distance traverse methods of computing area a simple method that is useful for rough area estimates is a graphical method in this method, the traverse is plotted to scale on graph paper, and the number of squares inside the traverse are counted a d c b distance traverse methods of computing area a c. In general, chains are used to measure length and compass or theodolite are used to measure the direction of traverse lines. Practical surveying and elementary geodesy, including land surveying, levelling, contouring, compass traversing, theodolite work, town surveying. Quiz theodolite and tacheometry surveying flashcards. Research and discussion traverse traversing is a form of a control survey that is used in a wide variety of surveys. A surveyors theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Modern theodolites have a telescope that can be mounted to a swivel which can move both horizontally and vertically, and the crosshairs allow you to make accurate alignments with the target object.
It starts at a point of known position and terminates at a point of unknown position. The traverse survey are again classified into chain. The data can be transferred from the sdr33 to a personal computer for further processing. Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. Extra hardware for precise surveying was also purchased under the grant. The most important instrument for exact survey work, and many types are available to meet varying requirements of accuracy and precision, with direct readings of the circle ranging from 5 min to 0. It is a very important instrument in plane surveying. Because of its various uses, the theodolite is sometimes known as universal instrument.
In the previous video you can find the difference calculations involved with traverse surveying. It is extensively used for the measurement of vertical and horizontal angles for scaling. Despite the advent of the total station, the surveying syllabus still requires the students to carry out a closed traverse, measuring internal angles and distances between stations. Theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Traverse surveying is a popular method of surveying. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. Find surveyors in grand traverse county, mi on yellowbook.
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. The angles are measured by theodolites, and the distances are measured by an edme. Theodolite survey article about theodolite survey by the. Start your traverse on one corner of the area you just staked out and orient your total station to north. Traverses are a series of established stations that are linked together by the angle and distance between adjacent points. The paper aims to highlight the improvements made over time on this instrument in constructive and operational. Selection of traverse definition a traverse is a series of straight lines called traverse legs. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Theodolite surveying free download as powerpoint presentation. In the previous field work, we have encountered different methods in getting areas where as different instruments and techniques are used. These measurements are used to plot boundary lines, building foundations and utility routing. At this point, the procedure was to add the two departures of each area and multiply the sum by the longitudinal divergence of the line shown in.
Each side of the traverse should be greater than 100 feet long. Research and discussion traverse traversing is a form of. This surveying instrument had a circular ring or plate divided into 360 degrees, and a pivoting alidade with sight vanes at either end. The theodolite is a complex instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angle up to 10 or 20 depending upon the least count of the instrument. A traverse is developed by measuring the distance and.
A theodolite is a surveying instrument that dates back to the 16th century, and its used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Practical surveying and elementary geodesy, including land. The types of traverse and methods of traversing are. Analysis of the linear misclose in a conventional control traverse survey may be used to assess the ru. If the students are able to use a total station then this can be used to accurately measure the distance between stations. Ppt introduction to surveying basics of traversing. Horizontal control surveys are recommended for projects where there. Coordinate geometry of traverse stations and a third point. It is an electronic machine which looks sort of a tiny telescope. Site surveying report 2 traversing linkedin slideshare. The bestknown procedure for calculating land areas is.
Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. Leveling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit level. Surveying traverse group example problem 1 compute the latitudes, departures, eclosure, and the precision for the following traverse. Find grand traverse surveying and mapping llc in cedar, mi 49621 on yellowbook. These terms are used in everyday conversation for surveyors. To obtain general information about this data, call 65663464 or fax a request to 65663450. Polytechnic college batala theodolite surveying 1 so far we have been measuring horizontal angles by using a compass with respect to meridian, which is less accurate and also it is not possible to measure vertical angles with a compass. The theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for. In a theodolite survey, as distinct from tachymetric and phototheodolite surveys, the elevation characteristics of the relief are not determined. Open traverse an open traverse originates at a starting station. One of the surveying instruments is the theodolite. The branch of surveying in which direction of survey line are determine by a compass and their length by a chain or tape is called compass surveying.
Traverse networks involved placing the survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point. If you need instructions on how to orient to north look at the instructions at the end of. In this video, traverse surveying is explained with calculations and about closing error with examples. Theodolites how does a theodolite work theodolite vs. Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions above, on or below the earths surface. A theodolite works by combining optical plummets or plumb bobs, a spirit bubble level, and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal angles in surveying. Acceptable traverses have angular and linear misclosures. You can view result with detail solution of each question after completion of the test questions is taken from previous year papers. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. This article includes the definition of traverse surveying along with its classification, errors in traversing, checks, the completed method of traversing and plotting of traverse survey. Adjustment of a closed traverse theodolite surveying. Surveying theodolites, compass and traverse surveying online test. Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the framework and the.
A theodolite measures distance manually by chains of standardized length or metal measuring tapes along the length of the desired angle. Measurement errors in a closed traverse can be quantified by summing the interior angles of the polygon formed by the traverse. During the current update, structural deformation surveying portions of the 1994 manual were removed and incorporated into a separate technical manual. Theodolites, land surveying theodolites, land surveying. The internal spirit level makes sure the device is level to to the horizon. A list of equipment available is given in an appendix. The technique is usually used on level terrain, in population centers, at railroad. School of architecture, building and design bachelor of quantity surveying honours qsb18 site surveying field work report ii traverse survey august semester 2015 submission date.
Aait, department of civil engineering 2 lecture note. The current version of em 111011004 was then retitled as geodetic and control surveying to reflect the revised scope. Traversing is a fundamental operation in surveying and the assessment of the quality of a traverse is a skill that every surveyor develops. This type of survey can be used to measure large areas with reasonable speed and accuracy. Sources of errors in traversing some sources of error in. Leonard digges introduced the word theodolitus in his pantometria london, 1571. Grand traverse surveying and mapping llc, cedar, mi 49621. These two devices were fundamentally equivalent and could accomplish basically the same task today, total station accomplish all the task much more efficiently than transits and theodolite in addition, it can observes distance accurately and quickly. Surveying instruments have evolved over time since the 19th century until present. Geodetic and control surveying universiti sains malaysia. Traverse station a traverse station b circular curve figure 3.
Guideline for conventional traverse surveys special publication 1. In this field work, we used radial traversing using theodolite by determining the horizontal angles from a central point inside a rectilinear plane to each corners of the plane and measuring the radial distances from the central point. An optical plummet ensures the theodolite is placed as close to exactly vertical above the survey point. Theodolite surveying surveying geomatics free 30day. Bowditch rule for balancing traverse surveying youtube. Practical surveying and elementary geodesy, including land surveying, levelling, contouring, compass traversing. Theodolite surveying theodolite the theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. For which of the following permanent adjustments of theodolite, the spire test is used. Theodolite survey a horizontal geodetic survey of the terrain, done by means of a theodolite, to produce a contour map.